常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例

doi:10.7623/syxb201202001

石油学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 173-187.DOI: 10.7623/syxb201202001

• 地质勘探 • 下一篇

常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例

邹才能 1,2　朱如凯 1,2　吴松涛 1,2　杨　智 1　陶士振 1　袁选俊 1　侯连华 1　杨　华 3　徐春春 4　李登华 1　白　斌 1,2　王　岚 1

1 中国石油勘探开发研究院　北京　100083；2 提高石油采收率国家重点实验室　北京　100083；3 中国石油长庆油田公司　陕西西安　710021；4 中国石油西南油气田公司　四川成都　610051

收稿日期:2011-10-31 修回日期:2011-12-28 出版日期:2012-03-25 发布日期:2012-05-17
通讯作者: 邹才能
作者简介:邹才能，男，1963年9月生，1987年毕业于西南石油学院，现任中国石油勘探开发研究院副院长兼总地质师、博士生导师、李四光地质科学奖之科技奖获得者，主要从事大油气区、岩性-地层油气藏、非常规油气等地质理论技术研究及勘探生产实践等工作。
基金资助:
国家重大科技专项“岩性地层油气藏成藏规律、关键技术及目标评价”（2011ZX05001）资助。

Types, characteristics，genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations:taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance

ZOU Caineng 1,2　ZHU Rukai 1,2　WU Songtao 1,2　YANG Zhi 1　TAO Shizhen 1　YUAN Xuanjun 1　HOU Lianhua 1　YANG Hua 3　XU Chunchun 4　LI Denghua 1　BAI Bin 1,2　WANG Lan 1

Received:2011-10-31 Revised:2011-12-28 Online:2012-03-25 Published:2012-05-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

油气勘探开发领域从常规油气向非常规油气跨越，是石油工业发展的必然趋势，二者在油气类型、地质特征及聚集机理等方面明显不同。常规油气研究的灵魂是成藏，目标是回答圈闭是否有油气；非常规油气研究的灵魂是储层，目标是回答储集有多少油气。非常规油气主要表现在连续分布、无自然工业产量。目前，常规油气面临非常规的问题，非常规需要发展成新的“常规”。伴随技术的进步，非常规可向常规转化。常规油气聚集包括构造油气藏、岩性-地层油气藏，油气以孤立的单体式或较大范围的集群式展布，圈闭界限明显，储集体发育毫米级—微米级孔喉系统，浮力成藏。非常规油气聚集包括致密砂岩油和气、致密碳酸盐岩油和气、页岩油和气等，一般源储共生，大面积连续或准连续分布于盆地斜坡或中心，圈闭界限不明显，页岩系统储集体广泛发育纳米级孔喉，浮力作用受限，油气以原位滞留或短距离运移为主。以中国重点盆地致密油和致密气为例，系统分析了其地质特征与勘探潜力。非常规油气储集空间主体为纳米级孔喉系统，局部发育微米—毫米级孔隙，其中页岩气储层孔径为5～200 nm，致密灰岩油储层孔径为40～500 nm，致密砂岩油储层孔径为50～900 nm，致密砂岩气储层孔径为40～700 nm。针对全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展，提出了“纳米油气”的概念，指出“纳米油气”是未来石油工业的发展方向，需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术，油气智能化时代将随之到来。

关键词: 常规油气, 非常规油气, 页岩系统油气, 纳米油气, 致密油, 致密气, 页岩气, 页岩油, 连续型油气聚集

Abstract:

It is an inevitable trend for oil and gas industry to transform exploration & development domain from conventional hydrocarbon accumulations to unconventional hydrocarbon ones, which are obviously different in types, geological features and genesis. Conventional petroleum focuses on accumulation mechanism, and the key answer is whether the trap contains petroleum, otherwise, unconventional petroleum focuses on the reservoir space, and the key answer is how much the reservoirs capture petroleum. Unconventional hydrocarbon resources are mainly characterized by continuous distribution and no natural oil and gas production from per well. Currently, unconventional problems occur in the exploration and development of conventional hydrocarbon resources, thus it is necessary to transform unconventional hydrocarbon resources into new “conventional” hydrocarbon resources. With technology development, unconventional hydrocarbons can be transformed into conventional ones. Generally, conventional hydrocarbon deposits consist of structural and litho-stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs, where oil and gas are distributed in an isolated structure or a larger structure group with clear trap boundaries and pore-throat systems in millimeter-micrometer scale. Oil and gas in this case accumulate by buoyancy to form hydrocarbon pools. However, unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations, including tight sandstone oil and gas, tight carbonate oil and gas, shale oil and gas, coal-bed methane, oil shale, oil sand, hydrate, etc., are distributed continuously or quasi-continuously in basin's slopes or centers. Commonly, they are characterized by source-reservoir paragenesis and have no distinct trap boundaries. Pore-throat systems in nanometer scale are well-developed in unconventional reservoir rocks, and related hydrocarbons are mainly detained in situ or migrate for a short distance into reservoirs that are close to source rocks because buoyancy is limited. The present paper systematically analyzed geological characteristics and exploration potential of tight hydrocarbons in some typical basins of China, where pores in nanometer scale with partial micrometer-millimeter pores dominate the reservoir space of unconventional hydrocarbons, the diameter of reservoir pores is 5~200 nm in gas shale, 40~500 nm in tight oil limestone, 50~900 nm in tight oil sandstone and 40~700 nm in tight gas sand. In terms of the rapid development of globe petroleum industry and nano-technology, a concept of nano-hydrocarbons is proposed in this paper that indicates that “nano-hydrocarbon” is the development direction of oil and gas industry in the future, urgently requiring developing vicarious technologies, such as nano-hydrocarbon perspective viewing mirror, nano-hydrocarbon displacement agent and nano-hydrocarbon exploitation robots. Petroleum intellectualization times will come in following.

Key words: conventional hydrocarbon, unconventional hydrocarbon, shale play, nano-hydrocarbon, tight oil, tight sand gas, shale gas, shale oil, continuous oil-and-gas accumulation

邹才能　朱如凯　吴松涛　杨　智　陶士振　袁选俊　侯连华　杨　华　徐春春　李登华　白　斌　王　岚. 常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例[J]. 石油学报, 2012, 33(2): 173-187.

ZOU Caineng　ZHU Rukai　WU Songtao　YANG Zhi　TAO Shizhen　YUAN Xuanjun. Types, characteristics，genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations:taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance[J]. Editorial office of ACTA PETROLEI SINICA, 2012, 33(2): 173-187.

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常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望——以中国致密油和致密气为例

Types, characteristics，genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations:taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance

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