Gravity and fluid pressure play rolls as important as those played by tectonic force in structural deformation. The author emphasized that, an investigation of the relationship between rock strength and total stress environment under the combining action of tectonic force, gravity and fluid pressure is most important in the study of structural deformation. For basins under the action of different tectonic forces, types of stress environment, their distribution and the genetic mechanics of main structural characters have been studied.

This paper analyzes the formation of sealing of a fault and the geology appearance it reflects, by means of a statistical technique. By summarizing the parameters or criteria for an estimation of the degree of fault sealing, a statical predicting model for the estimation of the sealing of a fault in an early stage exploratory region has been established by information lojic technique. By an analysis and examination of this model, it is proved that estimation of fault sealing using the object weight technique is simple and practical. It is applied to the study of the evaluation of sealing of the main fault in Tang Yuan fault depression, and predicts sealing of the fault in thisarea.

This paper gives a general feature on the texlure distributions and depositional environments of the salt-anhydrite deposits in the depression which was deposited in deep-water environment, and a discussion of three types of salt deposits: salt-dome, salt-pillow and salt monochine, so as to give a preliminary study on the genetic mechanism of the salt structure in Dongpu depression. Finally, it is stated that the salt deposits relates closely to the occurrence of hydrocarbon as viewed from the relations of the salt deposits to conditions of the source rock, and the salt structures to oil accumulation, as well as the lateral changes of salt lithofacies to the formation of oil pools.

To study the pyrolysis kinetic characteristics of hydrocarbon formation and the change of composition of pyrolysis products in the thermal evolution process of type Ⅰ source rock, in this paper unmatured source rock sample of well Fu 16-02 (depth of burial 355.9m)with type Ⅰ kerogen is artificially matured at different temperatures.For those matured samples, pyrolysis analysis is carried out with Rock-Eval type Ⅱ device,composition of pyrolysis product was analyzed with pyrolysis gas chromatography, and pyrolysis simulated experiment has been carried out with Rock-Eval type Ⅰ device.The data from pyrolysis simulated experiments are treated by using first order reaction kinetic model.A series of pyrolysis analytical indices, kinetic parameters of the hydrocarbon formation and characteristics of change of pyrolysis product composition with the maturity of source rock are obtained, and the changes of structure of kerogen and the nature of pyrolysis reaction are discussed.

This paper gives a detailed study of the distribution and characteristics of the proven abnormally high pressure hydrocarbon reservoir in Dongying Basin and an analysis of the cause of pressure increase in a reservoir. The author considers that the formation of abnormally high pressure hydrocarbon reservoir in Es3 and Es4 source rocks is the result of a combination of undercompaction and temperature. Based on the relationship that pressure coefficient increases with the depth as well as with the temperature, a new method of prediction for abnormally high pressure hydrocarbon reservoir is presented.

On the basis of fuzzy comprehensive judge, a practical fuzzy technique is presented to identify marine carbonate facies in this paper. The grade of membership is determined by a method of rank in the dyadic contrast and quatitative technique.According to the rate of right judging for known samples, a method of determining the weight of factor is presented, and "product-sum" operator should be used instead of "min-max". In central Hubei, the Permian marine carbonatite can be devided into six facies.They are tidal flat, platform slope A, platform slope B, platform shoal, platform hollow and restricted platform hollow. The facies models are built by using 30 samples in the Songzi section. The selected factors are color,calcite,dolomite, quartz, clay minetal, paleontologic 1-5, siliceous nodal and tumrous body. The results of the fuzzy recognition in the Jinshan section show that the rate of right judging is about 80%, and the method is effective.

A systematic model for stable oil outputs planning during middle to late waterflooding stage has been proposed,based on the previous article. In that paper,a set of dynamic relationships between dynamic performances (oil production rates,water cut,reservoir pressure) and stimulation measures were formulated by the use of the data listed in the monthly reports through a multi-step physical analysis and system identification approaches with filtering functions which are basic equations for studing this subject. Under the condition of meeting the needs for oil, production defined by national planning, an optimal control model has been developed to maximize economical profits and secondary oil recovery, by which the planning could be fulfilled automatically by solving it. Calculation procedures are suggested and, actual field application effects are examined.

In this Paper,a full-implicite three-dimensional three-phase black oil model for naturally fractured reservoirs is presented. A new method is used in this. model to take the flow between the fracture and the matrix into account, and a irregular polygon grid system is used. A cylindrical grid system is superposed on the original grid points where a producing well is located, thus coning calculation can be included in the whole reservoir simulation. This model is a full implicite model and use the advanced orthomin me thod tosolve the huge matrix equation with changed band width. This model is used successfully to simulate the performance of enhanced oil recovery by nitrogen injection in Yanling oilfield.

In this paper, some improvements are made on the reservoir model with induced hydraulic fracture, which is solved by method different to obtain a aet of type curves. Besides, an automated type curve matching technique other than manual method is applied here to explain the underground hydraulic fracture parameters conveniently.

In this paper, the results of chemical flooding numerical simulation are presented. An improved chemical flood compositional model simulator is given out, which gives a more complete description in physical chemistry than others published previously[1、2、3、5]. In this paper,phase behavior model, cation exchange model, phase viscosities, residual satuaration and other parameters were included and their formations are improved. A sediment loss model was derived and introduced. The new concepts of effective flow saturation were given, and a new parameter of emulsification ratio is presented also. Thus, the behaviors of chemical flooding are deaconstrated by this simulator, a lot of investigation for one-dimensional flow are given, for example, the effect of sedimentant loss on recovery effeciency, etc. Results of investigation shows that this simulator is a better compositional one, which can be used in multidimensional problems.

Experiments show that, by means of CT scanning, following phenomena can be clearly seen: 1) Fluids flow inside the core; 2) The driving front and its changes; 3) Areas through which fluid flows in a core section;In addition,experiments with CT scanner demonstrate the real velocity of fluid flow in the core and therefore the porosity effective for fluid flow can be calculated(the concept of this porosity is different from that conventionally used in reservoir engineering).With a CT scanner, the water saturation changes in water flooded zone when water displace oil can be observed. In this paper,a brief introduction on the pore structure of rock core with a CT scanner is presented also.

In this paper, a new method based on the theory of damage mechanics is suggested to estimate the fatigue life of offshore petroleum steel structures. A new mathematical model of fatigue damage is established and a macroseopic method of measuring fatigue damage factor based on surface crack fatigue propagation experiments at the University of pertroleum, China is developed A method of determinning material fatigue damage parameters of offshore petroleum steel structures is also provided.The fatigue damage mathematical model established has been verified not only by afatigue experiment on a rigid steel test specimen but also by the fatigue experiments of flexible compounded material structures used in deep water.The damage mechanics method and equation is recommended for whole an estimation of the fatique life under randon loading or constant amplitude loading.

In this paper tri dimensional straight beam elements are used to discretize a bottom-hole drilling assembly and a numerical model is presented to simulate the transient dynamic behavior of the bottom-hole assembly during drilling. Bit weight, rotary speed, friction and hole curvature etc. are considered in the development of the dynamic differential equations and wilson numerical integration is used for solving them. The contact of the drill pipe with the wall is modeled by instantaneous shocks of pipe on the wall. A new method is used to determine the instant of contact.The results of dynamic analysis are discussed. The time averages of inclination forces and azimuth forces are used to predict the motion tendencies of BHA, and they are identical with the results of static analysis. The dynamic analysis and computer program given in this paper can be used for directional drilling.

The structure of a simple，economical and reliable MWD system for turbadrill rbtating speed is introduced.The downhole rotating speed signal generator is a part of the turbine, no other downhole instrument is needed，The interference of the hydraulic channel caused by the triplex mud pump is analyzed and a method for processing the signal received on the surface with adaptive hatch filter and spectrum analysis is suggested.Three spectrum plots obtained from the test at a testing well of l,000 m in Zhongyuan Oil Field in 1989 are shown，It is feasible to make an economical and reliable MWD turbadrill tachometer to measure the downhole turbadrill rotating speed at a depth of mare than 3,000 m.

The synthesis of imidazoline derivatives as inhibitors for H ₂S corrosion of the drillpipe was investigated. Experiments with weight-loss coupons in drilling muds containing 1000-3200mg/L H ₂S with imidazoline inhibitors showed inhibition effectiveness of 70-90% with an addition of 0.1-0.2%. If they are used together with zinc alkali carbonate, the inhibition become more effective. A synergistic effect was found between these inhibitors and CaO. These inhibitors also showed good inhibition against O ₂ corrosion and good effect on the rheological properties of drilling mud. Corrosion product of mild steel in drilling muds containing H ₂S was proved to be kansite (Fe ₉S ₈) by X-ray diffraction, and it is found that H ₂S is able to decompose FCLS (ferrous chromic lignosulfonate), and reacts with Fe to form smythite (Fe ₂S ₄).

The effect of sodium humate and its sulfonated product on the electrokinetic property of colloidal particles of bentonite has been studied. The mobilities of the particles were measured with a laser-zeta meter and their values were converted into zeta potentials ξ by using Smoluchowski equation. During the process of mud-making, the mobilities of the particles or |ξ|potential increases with the addition of Na ₂CO ₃ and the increase in pH as a result of the improvement in the dispersion of the particles and the increase of negative charges on the surface of the particles. In the presence of neutral electrolytes, Nad and CaCl ₂,the relation between ξ and the electrolyte concentration can be expressed as follows, ζ=A+Blog[NaCl], ξ=A+B(log[CaCl ₂] ²; where A=-37.8±0.5 and -9.1±0.5, B=2.0±0.2 and -1.5±0.2, for NaCl and CaCl ₂ respectively. With the addition of sodium humate and sulfonated sodiun humate, the |ξ| of the system increses quite significantly and the properties of the processed drilling-mud; such as apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield value, shear stress and filtration loss, are improved.

The present paper deals with some mamal fossils discovered in hydrocarbon-bearing basins in China and the property of the biota,their ages and their correlation both at homeand abroad.The relation between the biota and its associated microfossils is discussed.Theauthors conclude that both of them indicate basically the same age.It is confirmed thatmammal fossil is promising in geologic correlation,palaeoclimate,and palaeoenvironmentstudies.Up to now,mammal tooth fossils have been found in the wells in Shengli,Liaohe andJiangsu Oil Fields.Therefore,a collection and study of the mamal fossils in exploratedhydrocarbon bearing basins in the future should be emphasized.

Abundant Sporotrapoidites and other Spore Pollen Fossils discovered in Fujin Forma-tion,Shanjiang Basin have changed the previous definition of Fujin Formation determined in Dongji Well 1,Which has been taken as a typical profile of the Formation.It is determined as early Miocene in age now.Ecology of Sporotrapoidites and associated Sporo-pollen infer an environment of Shallow water deposition and under a climate characterized as humid subtropic to emperate Zones.Two new species of Sporotrapoidites have been described in this paper.

There are,from the lower to the upper,Laohutai.Lizigou,Guchengzi,Jijuntun,Xilutian and Gengjiajie formation in the lower Tertiary of Fushun Basin.Gengjiajie formation is the Upper strata and was formerly considered as either Eocene or Oligocene due to the lack of fossils.Having studied the sporo-pollen fossils in Genjiajie formation,it is suggested that the Assemblage of Sporo-pollen in the Genjiajie formation should belong to the high content zone of Quercoidites of the Eocene Sporo-pollen Assemblage and do not belong to the high content zone of Ulmipollenites of the Oligocene Sporo-pollen Assemblage in the North-East China.The Geological age of the Gengjiajie formation is considered as Eocene.

Chaluhe formation previously called as"Sand conglomerate member"distributes in the area from Yitong to Shulan.It consists of grey greenish mudstone and varicoloured sandy conglomerate,with a thickness of 200 to 500m.The formation contains prolific sporo-pollen fossils,characterized by high contents of Pinaceae of Bisaccatepollen and herbaceous.The Epoch is determinde to be late Miocene.It's typical profile is observed in an interval from 32.0 to 288.5m in the well of Wancan l,Where an unconformity exists between this forma-tion and the overburden Quaternary and a disconformity exists between this formation and the underlying Palaeogene Wancang formation.

Tertiary formations in the Jiyang-Chuangwei depression and its adjacent areas have a number of similar or common genera and species which can be used for the stratigraphic correlation.The Kondian formation,the Houzheng formation and the lower member of the Minghuazheng formation of the Jiyang-Chuangwei depression can be compared approximately with the Wutu formation in Changle county,the Longkou formation in Huanxian county and the Shangwang formation in Linqu county respectively.

Paleogene in the Jiyang depression,Shandong province,contains a number of marine an-cestry genera and species which are characterized by a low diversity and very strong variability and coexist with some typically continental organisms in a carbonate-gypsum depositional system at the begining of the lacustrine transgression and disappear with the increasing ofwater-depth.Therefore,their occurrance represents a biota in a large-closed Saliferous paleo-lake where no communication with the ancient sea has been found.Their existence can not be considered as a criteria of sea transgrassion.

The main subject of this paper is to revise the geological time according to the results of vocanic rock age determination.The authors used Kr method as a major measure and isochronal line treatment,fast neutron activation method and geological test as complimentary means to ensure the reliability of the results of determination.Tertiary vocanic rock eruptive time profile has been established for the first time,based on the determinations of 63 samples.After a composite induction,the ages of 9 of the ten boundaries in the Palaeogene have been revised.and a tertiary time profile is established.The authors propose,for the first time,that the boundary between Palaeocene and Eocene is at the interface between lower and upper members of Fangshen pao Formation,the boundary between Eocene and Oligocene is located at the interface between upper submember of the 2nd member of Shahe jie Fomation and 3rd member of Shahejie Fomation.In addition,the authors take the fossil assemblages as a dominant faor and the results of their examination as the complimentary one in a correlation of the palaeomagnetic data from this depression,Chaidamu Basin and Jiyang depression.The three far-separated depressions,located at different tectonic units,have the similar reults,using different methods.This shows that the studv is successful.

Many contradictions have been observed when the boron content or the B/Ga ratio in clay mineral,or the graph showing the relationship between boron and gallium is applied to differentiate the marine facies from the continental facies.By analyzing the boron content in the saline formation in the Tertiary Continental facies in the west part of China and that from the bottom of mud slurry samples in a modern salt lake,as well as the B/Ga ratio calculated,it is demonstrated that this indicator can not differentiate the marine facies from the inland salt lake facies.The reliability of the study of the marine transgression in the Tertiary formation in China by using this indicator is questionable.According to the results of the studies of the boron contents in the salt lakes and the hot springs in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the question,why the boron content of many salt lakes are much higher than that of marine facies,is explained.

Tulotomoides terrassa Youluo is a characteritic gastropod fossil in the 3rd member of Tertiary Shahejie Formation in Bohai Bay Basin.It mainly inhabited in the Structural deltaic front zone.Therefore,it is a biostratigraphic marker for the search of oil pool in deltaic front facies.

Based on the study of abundant stratigraphic data and fossils from about 500 wells in Jizhong de-pression,the relation between the biota and environment has been explored and five biofacies,i.e.fluvial-deltaic biofacies,littoral-shallow lacustrine biofacies,shallow lacustrine biofacies,shallow-semideep lacustrine biofacies and semideep-deeplacustrine biofacies,havebeen distinguished.And the paleogeography and Paleoclimate of paleogene in Jizhong depression have also been discussed.According to the analytical data and practice of petroleum exploration,it is indicated that the best source area is in the deeper part of the paleolake and the favorable reservoirs distribute in the margin of the deeper part of the paleolake and its adjacent area.

The major development in the study of spore-pollen GAI in last decade by petroleum spore-pollen workers in china is delt with in this paper.A spore-pol-len GAI clasfication standard and its correlation with those used by domestic and foreign collegues are defined.A table demonstrates the relation betweenspore-pollen GAI and generation stages of continental Tertiary hydrocarbon-bearing basins in china is presented.Some applications of spore-pollen GAI data are discussed.The au-thor further proves that spore-pollen GAI is a composites results of the effects of temperature,time and nature of the source rock.The significance of using spore-pollen GAI in searching for good source rock and promising source region is emphasized.

A special biota,consisting of abundant and ender mic microfosils,is named Chinocythere-Bohaidina Biota,which has been fonud from the upper submember in the 4th member of Shahejie formation to Dongying formation in Bohaiwan basin.It is divided into two subbiota and five groups.At the base of 1st member of Shahejie formation.there is an obvious interruption between the two subbiota in the evolution process,which represents the boundary between Eocene and Oligocene.However,placing the boundary at the middle of 2nd member of Shahejie formation should be accepted according to the depositional cycle.

The evolution features of Ostracode fauna,Dinoflagellate flora etc.are summarized in this paper.There comes that the Sha3 and Sha1 are prosperity summits in early Tertiary biocoenosium in Dongpu sag.The terrestrial and local biocoenosium fossils emerged alternately.The evolution of biocoenosis contains the gradual changes from Ek to early Sha4,early Sha4 to late Sha4,Sha1 to Ed with flood event,and the sudden changes from late Sha4 to Sha3,Sha3 to Sha2,Sha2 to Sha1 accompanied by the events of alternations of the salinity change of the paleolacustrine water and occurence of tempests.The author also ex-pounds an event of the sedimentary gap on the basis of fossil assemblage sequence,sedimentary facies and sedimentary source charateristics.

This article summarizes the total abundance of six phyla of sporopollen,dinoflagellate fossils etc.in the vertical section,presents a detailed study on the distribution of dinoflagellates and green algae in horizontal direction,and shows that microbiota summit pe-riods corresponds to two sets of reservoir beds in Dongpu Depression respectively.In accordance with 500 samples of source rocks in different areas and series,the author sums up the kerogen types and abundance of the organic matter in the source rock,and come to a conclusion,i.e,type Ⅰ or Ⅱ ₁ will occur in case that source rock contains abundant dinoflagellate and green algae.In a formation composed of an alternatively deposited sand and shale layers,oil and gas reservoirs can be found provided that these organisms are ma-tured and favorable trapping condition exists.

Ostracodes fossils are prolific in Palaeogene in Huanghua depression.There are 8 as-semblages,5 subassemblages and a fossiliferous rock member.Among them,those assem-blages with a large number of genera and species or abundent individuals have a positive cor-relations with petroleum generation.There are mainly two source beds in this depression.The first one,the source beds with Eucypris Wutuensis assemblage,being continental fresh shallow water deposite is the major source beds for oilfields in the South part.The secondone,source beds containing Huabeinia chinesis assemblage,being continental brackish deep water deposit,are the main source beds for oilfields in the North and Middle parts.

This profile is composed of two outcrops at Xichagou and Donggou,Lulehe,being 5490m thick.Tertiary formations are overlain by lower Pleistocene Qigequan formation,and underneath by Cretaceous Quanyagou group.A 5245m thick paleomagnetic profile has been established,after sampling,processing,examination and correlation.Eighty-three positive and negative polar time intervals from 29th to the 3rd polar time intervals are recog-nized.They represent Paleocene,Eocene,Oligocene,Miocene and Pliocene series respectively.A paleomagnetic stratigraphic time scale from 65 Ma to 2.8 Ma is presented.

The geological age of Tertiary red beds in Jiuquan basin is discussed in this paper,based on the composite analysis of the data of Tertiary spore-pollen,ostracodes,mammal fossils,magnetic stratigraphic profile,and seismic reflection sequence.It is concluded that the rock member of grey-greenish mudstone with gypsum at the top of Zhonggou formation used to be assigned as lower Cretaceous is now recognized as Eogene in age;The newly-estahiished Liugouzhuang formation,Huoshaogou formation and Baiyanghe formation are of Oligocene;The Shulehe group is of Neogene,in which the Gongxingshan and Getanggou formation are Miocene and Niugetao formation is Pliocene.

Foraminifera:Discorbis,Ammonia and Miliolidae have been discovered in the continental Tertiary in Hetao depression,Hetao basin located to the west of Taihangshan uplift.They are contained in the upper and middle part of Oligocene,and upper and middle part of Miocene.Associated fossils are continental ostracode:Cyprinotus and Cyprideis.Results of trace amount of elements,as well as carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of the samples taken from formations containing foraminifera give out contradictory data,thus,it is difficult to identify whether it is marine or continental deposits.However,from a specific geologic and topographic condition of Linhe depression that it is surrounded by Yinshan mountain,Wulashan mountain and Yimeng uplift,these foraminifera cannot be the products during transgression of the ocean,and should be a type of special continental organisms lived in the high salinity aqueous medium in the paleolake.

Deposits of Paleocene and Eocene,exposed widely in the north part of Junggar basin,can be subdivided into two formations,the Ugbulak formation and the Huashigou formation.Fossil charophytes,Stephanochara breviovalis,Gobichara deserta and Nemegtichara prima,have been found in the Ugbulak formation.These fossils are common in the late Paleocene in Central Asia.In Sangequan area,the Huashigou formation contains some mammal fossils:Hyopsodus huashigouensis,cf.Mesonyx uqbulakensis,cf.Metahapalodectes sp.,Pantolambdodon sp.,Metacoryphodon sp.,Uintatherium cf.insperatus,Schlosseria magister,and Breviodon minutus.The mammal assemblage shows that age of the fossiliferous beds are equivalent to Arshantan(M.Eocene).In Jimunai-Buerjing area a few teeth of Hyaenodon and anthracotheriid,which are thought to appear in late Eocene,are found from the same formation.Therefore,the deposition of the formation may be extended to a later period.

Based on the studies of the outcrop of Eogene System on the northwest margin of Jianghan Basin,the following results have been obtained:establishment of Eogene paleomagnetic polar time table,Eogene paleolatitude at that area and a discovery of upper Cretaceous index fossil Talycyprideu chinensis in previous"Eogene System".In consideration of the discovery and paleomagnetic time table,the Tertiary basal boundary has been corrected by moving 45.3m upward.

The first discovery of Asiocoryphodonin Yangxi formation on the northwest margin in Dangyang county is described in this paper.According to the lower jaw and tooth characteristics,it is assigned to be Asiocoryphodon cf.conicus Xu.The species was reported from Yuhuangding formation in Liguanqiao sag in Henan province.The age of the species is middle to late early Eocene.

The results of a new study of Oligocene series in Zhoukou Basin are reported in the present paper.Based on a composite analysis of existing data,some previous recognitions have been changed.Ostracodes,charophyte,spore-pollen fossil assemblages have been established.The existence of Oligocene series in the eastern basin is confirmed and the series is classfied for the first time.The differences between Oligocene series in the east and west are demonstrated.

In the present paper,the author uses the ecological habit,diversity of organism genus or species,abundance of and associated fossil to explain that the discovered marine property orsea related organisms are of euryhalinous genera or species.The nonuniqueness and local lim-itations of mineral marker and geochemical index in the explanation of paleoenvironment are proposed.It is shown that salinity can not be taken as the basis for a differentiation between marine and continental facies.The basin's geological background indicates that no transgression or sea flood had taken place in paleogene in the basin.North Jiangsu Basin is a continental facies lacustrine basin.During the time when the 2nd and 4th members of Funing Formation were deposited,the lake was once saline in nature.

Based on the observations on the mineral and geological markers,palaeobiota,and diversity of spore-pollens,this paper deals with palaeoclimate markers preserved in the strata.Palaeoclimates and their evolutions in various times in Tertiary period are conjectured.This may provide a theoretical basis for the prospect and exploration of petroleum,coal and ironore