柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相优质烃源岩地球化学特征及成藏意义

doi:10.7623/syxb201710006

石油学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (10): 1158-1167.DOI: 10.7623/syxb201710006

柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相优质烃源岩地球化学特征及成藏意义

张斌¹, 何媛媛¹, 陈琰², 孟庆洋¹, 袁莉²

1. 中国石油勘探开发研究院北京 100083;
2. 中国石油青海油田公司勘探开发研究院甘肃敦煌 736202

收稿日期:2017-03-15 修回日期:2017-08-28 出版日期:2017-10-25 发布日期:2017-11-02
通讯作者: 张斌,男,1978年8月生,2002年获大庆石油学院石油与天然气地质专业学士学位,2012年获中国地质大学(北京)能源地质工程专业博士学位,现为中国石油勘探开发研究院高级工程师,主要从事石油地质与油气地球化学研究工作.Email:zhangbin01@petrochina.com.cn
作者简介:张斌,男,1978年8月生,2002年获大庆石油学院石油与天然气地质专业学士学位,2012年获中国地质大学(北京)能源地质工程专业博士学位,现为中国石油勘探开发研究院高级工程师,主要从事石油地质与油气地球化学研究工作.Email:zhangbin01@petrochina.com.cn
基金资助:
中国石油天然气股份有限公司重大科技专项（2016E-0101）资助。

Geochemical characteristics and oil accumulation significance of the high quality saline lacustrine source rocks in the western Q aidam Basin,NW China

Zhang Bin¹, He Yuanyuan¹, Chen Yan², Meng Qingyang¹, Yuan Li²

1. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China;
2. Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company, Gansu Dunhuang 736202, China

Received:2017-03-15 Revised:2017-08-28 Online:2017-10-25 Published:2017-11-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统上认为柴达木盆地西部地区咸化湖相烃源岩有机质丰度低，油气主要来源于"可溶有机质"。在柴达木盆地西部首次发现一定规模有机质丰度较高的优质咸化湖相烃源岩，其TOC值一般约在1 % ，最高可达4 % 以上；生烃潜量一般大于6 mg/g，最高可达40 mg/g；氢指数一般在500 mg/g（TOC）以上，最高可达900 mg/g（TOC）以上。有机质类型以I型和II₁型为主，少量II₂型，为倾油型有机质。而有机质丰度过低的样品（TOC<0.5 % ），其类型也较差，所含的可溶有机质也较低，生烃潜力小，为无效烃源岩。优质烃源岩生物标志化合物中富含植烷、C₂₈甾烷、伽马蜡烷和C₃₅藿烷等指示咸水环境的化合物，同时具有高甾烷低藿烷、高C₂₇甾烷低C₂₉甾烷等特征，指示有机质主要来自于水生藻类。这些藻类中富含脂类化合物，被称为"油藻"，在较低的成熟演化阶段可直接转化为烃类。咸化环境有利于藻类直接转化而成液态烃的保存，从而形成"未熟—低熟油"。柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相烃源岩中所含的"可溶有机质"明显高于淡水湖相烃源岩，这正是该地区在中浅层发现的一批"未熟—低熟油田"的重要物质来源。通过模拟实验证实，有机质在成熟演化阶段也具有较高的生油潜力，符合经典的油气生成模式。因此，对于深层来说，成熟的烃源岩形成的油气是主要的勘探对象。在该地区古近系深层优质烃源岩形成的油气具有2类成藏模式：1源外成藏，即通过油源断层将油气运移至浅部构造圈闭聚集成藏；2源内成藏，即在深部烃源岩附近的岩性圈闭中近源聚集。目前这2类油气藏勘探均已获得重大突破，发现了2个亿吨级储量区块，证实深部优质烃源岩形成的油气藏勘探潜力巨大。

关键词: 咸化湖盆, 优质烃源岩, 可溶有机质, 水生生物, 成藏意义, 柴西地区

Abstract:

It is traditionally believed that the saline lacustrine source rocks in western Qaidam Basin have low organic matter abundance, and the hydrocarbons are mainly sourced from "soluble organic matters". In this study, a certain scale of high quality saline lacustrine source rocks with high organic matter abundance has been discovered for the first time; the TOC value is about 1 % with the maximum above 4 %, the potential of hydrocarbon generation is generally greater than 6 mg/g with the maximum up to 40 mg/g, and the hydrogen index is commonly above 500 mg/g(TOC) with the maximum above 900 mg/g(TOC). The organic matters of Type I and Type II₁ are dominant, mixed with a small amount of Type II₂, indicating, the oil-prone types. The samples with ultra-low organic matter abundance (TOC<0.5 % ) indicates the poor types, contain a less content of soluble organic matter and a small potential of hydrocarbon generation, belonging to the inactive source rocks. Among the biomarkes of high quality source rocks, the compounds rich in phytane, C₂₈-sterane, gammacerane and C₃₅-hopance revealing the saline environment; the characteristics of high sterane low hopane, high C₂₇-sterane and low C₂₉-sterane, indicating organic matters are mainly derived from hydrobiontic algae. As so-called oil algae, these algae rich in lipid compounds can be directly converted into hydrocarbons in the low mature stage. The saline environment is conductive to the preservation of liquid hydrocarbon directly converted by algae, thus forming "immature-low mature oil". The content of "soluble organic matter" contained in the saline lacustrine source rocks of western Qaidam Basin is significantly higher than that of fresh water lacustrine source rocks, which is the important material source for a batch of immature-low mature oilfields discovered in regional middle-shallow layers in western Qaidam Basin. It is validated by simulation test that organic matters also have a high potential of oil-generation in the mature stage, in accordance with the classic oil-gas generation model. Thus, the oil and gas generated in mature source rocks is the major exploration target for deep layers. In this region, there are two types of hydrocarbon accumulation models for high quality source rocks in Paleogene deep layers. One is outer-source accumulation, i.e., oil and gas migrates towards shallow tectosphere through open faults for accumulation; the other type is inner-source accumulation, i.e., oil and gas is accumulated near the source in the lithological traps adjacent to deep source rocks. So far, significant breakthroughs have been made in these two types of oil-gas reservoir exploration, and two blocks with the reserves up to a hundred million tons are discovered to confirm the enormous exploration potential of oil-gas reservoirs formed in deep high quality source rocks.

Key words: saline lacustrine basin, high quality source rock, soluble organic matter, aquatic organism, accumulation significance, western Qaidam Basin

中图分类号:

TE122.3

张斌, 何媛媛, 陈琰, 孟庆洋, 袁莉. 柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相优质烃源岩地球化学特征及成藏意义[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(10): 1158-1167.

Zhang Bin, He Yuanyuan, Chen Yan, Meng Qingyang, Yuan Li. Geochemical characteristics and oil accumulation significance of the high quality saline lacustrine source rocks in the western Q aidam Basin,NW China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(10): 1158-1167.

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柴达木盆地西部咸化湖相优质烃源岩地球化学特征及成藏意义

Geochemical characteristics and oil accumulation significance of the high quality saline lacustrine source rocks in the western Q aidam Basin,NW China

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