The role and its application of capillary force in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and its application

doi:10.7623/syxb202012024

Acta Petrolei Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (12): 1719-1733.DOI: 10.7623/syxb202012024

Special Issue: 《石油学报》创刊40周年专辑

• Review • Previous Articles Next Articles

The role and its application of capillary force in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and its application

Li Xiangfang¹, Feng Dong¹, Zhang Tao¹, Sun Zheng², He Minxia¹, Liu Qing¹, Liu Wenyuan¹, Zhao Wen¹, Li Jing¹

1. MOE Key Laboratory for Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu Xuzhou 221116, China

Received:2020-06-15 Revised:2020-10-19 Online:2020-12-25 Published:2021-01-06

毛细管力在非常规油气藏开发中的作用及应用

李相方¹, 冯东¹, 张涛¹, 孙政², 何敏侠¹, 刘庆¹, 刘文远¹, 赵文¹, 李靖¹

1. 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程教育部重点实验室北京 102249;
2. 中国矿业大学煤炭资源与安全开采国家重点实验室江苏徐州 221116

通讯作者: 李靖,男,1990年12月生,2012年获中国石油大学(北京)学士学位,2017年获中国石油大学(北京)博士学位,现为中国石油大学(北京)副教授,主要从事非常规油气开发领域的教学和研究工作。Email:lijingsuc@163.com
作者简介:李相方,男,1955年5月生,1982年获华东石油学院学士学位,1992年获石油大学(北京)博士学位,现为中国石油大学(北京)教授、博士生导师,主要从事油气田开发工程领域的教学和研究工作。Email:lixf2013@vip.163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目"页岩气有效储渗孔隙跨尺度耦合渗流及产出规律研究"（No.50974128）和国家科技重大专项"陆相页岩气产能评价与采气工艺技术"（2017ZX05039-005）资助。

Abstract

Abstract:

Compared with conventional oil and gas reservoirs, unconventional reservoir rocks are characterized by small pore throats and obvious capillary forces, which greatly affect oil and gas exploration and development. Currently, a large number of methods ignoring the capillary force effect are used to exploit conventional oil and gas reservoirs. However, for self-generated and self-accumulation unconventional reservoirs such as shale oil and gas and coalbed methane (CBM), with the development of nano-pores, there are still difficulties in studying their wettability, capillary force and relative permeability characteristics, and attention should be paid to the application of conventional methods. Taking the tight oil, CBM and shale oil and gas as examples, based on the accumulation theory and the seepage theory in development process, this paper clarifies the role of capillary force in the accumulation and development of unconventional oil and gas. Moreover, it further describes the multiple distribution relationships of oil and water under the original conditions of the reservoir and the corresponding distribution characteristics of fluid pressure. Thus, the seepage mechanism of the wetting and non-wetting phase fluids during water (gas)injection and the snap-off of non-wetting phase can be analyzed and evaluated, providing a theoretical basis for the parameter design of secondary/tertiary oil recovery. Additionally, this paper evaluates the CBM reservoirs with high organic content (TOC), mostly showing water-wet characteristics, and points out that the binding force between water molecules with strong polar and a few polar functional groups in the pore medium is several to several tens of times higher than that between methane and pore organic matter; the wetting angle measurement and capillary force measurement both reflect the action of polar and non-polar attractive force. Thus, although the content of organic matter in CBM reservoirs is much higher than that of inorganic matter, its weak intermolecular forces result in the wettability that tends to be more water-wet. Being different from CBM, the volume content of inorganic matter is much greater than those of organic matter in shale gas reservoirs. Because of the original water-wet environment where most of inorganic pores are developed, this type of reservoir is mostly water-wet. Although the composition of shale oil rock is similar to that of shale gas, due to the complicated composition of oil phase, the surface-active substances in it will affect the wettability of reservoir, and accordingly impact the capillary force. It is more difficult for shale oil to flow than shale gas, and the percolation resistance is noticeable; however, the oil-water capillary force of shale oil is smaller than the gas-water capillary force of shale gas, so it is necessary to quantitatively calculate and evaluate the capillary pressure of the two reservoir systems.

Key words: capillary force, tight oil, coalbed methane, shale gas, shale oil

摘要：

相对于常规油气藏而言，非常规油气藏储层岩石孔喉尺度小、毛细管力作用突出，极大地影响油气勘探与开发。对于常规油气藏的研究，通常忽略毛细管力效应，但是对于页岩油气与煤层气等自生自储的非常规储层，其纳米孔隙发育，润湿性、毛细管力及其相渗特征的研究还存在难点。通过结合地质成藏理论和开发过程渗流理论，以致密油、煤层气和页岩油气为例，阐明了毛细管力在非常规油气成藏及开发中的作用及应用。同时，进一步刻画了油藏原始条件下油水多种分布关系及对应的流体压力分布特征，借此可以分析评价注水（气）过程润湿相与非润湿相流体渗流机理及非润湿相的卡断尺度，为二次采油、三次采油参数设计提供理论依据；通过评价高有机质含量（TOC）的煤层气储层，发现其多呈现水湿特征，强极性的水分子与孔隙介质少数极性官能团的结合力要比甲烷与孔隙有机质结合力高几倍到几十倍，而润湿角测量与毛细管力测量均体现了极性与非极性吸引力的作用，因此尽管煤层气储层有机质含量远高于无机质，但是其分子间作用力较弱导致润湿性更倾向于水湿；区别于煤层气，页岩气储层无机质体积分数远大于有机质体积分数，由于无机质孔隙原始条件多为水湿，因此该类储层多为水湿；页岩油岩石组成尽管与页岩气类似，但是由于油相具有复杂的组成，其中的表面活性物质将会影响储层的润湿性，据此影响储层的毛细管力；由于页岩油要比页岩气流动困难，渗流阻力大，但是页岩油的油水毛细管力又小于页岩气的气水毛细管力，因此需要对二者量化计算评价。

关键词: 毛细管力, 致密油, 煤层气, 页岩气, 页岩油

CLC Number:

TE311

Li Xiangfang, Feng Dong, Zhang Tao, Sun Zheng, He Minxia, Liu Qing, Liu Wenyuan, Zhao Wen, Li Jing. The role and its application of capillary force in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and its application[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2020, 41(12): 1719-1733.

李相方, 冯东, 张涛, 孙政, 何敏侠, 刘庆, 刘文远, 赵文, 李靖. 毛细管力在非常规油气藏开发中的作用及应用[J]. 石油学报, 2020, 41(12): 1719-1733.

References

[1] YASSIN M R,DEHGHANPOUR H,WOOD J,et al.A theory for relative permeability of unconventional rocks with dual-wettability pore network[J].SPE Journal,2016,21(6):1970-1980.
[2] PENG Sheng,REN Bo,MENG Mianmo,et al.Quantifying the influence of fractures for more-accurate laboratory measurement of shale matrix permeability using a modified gas-expansion method[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering,2019,22(4):1293-1304.
[3] WANG Sen,JAVADPOUR F,FENG Qihong.Confinement correction to mercury intrusion capillary pressure of shale nanopores[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:20160.
[4] 张涛,李相方,杨立峰,等.关井时机对页岩气井返排率和产能的影响[J].天然气工业,2017,37(8):48-60.
ZHNAG Tao,LI Xiangfang,YANG Lifeng,et al.Effects of shut-in timing on flowback rate and productivity of shale gas wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(8):48-60.
[5] SUN Zheng,LI Xiangfang,LIU Wenyuan,et al.Molecular dynamics of methane flow behavior through realistic organic nanopores under geologic shale condition:pore size and kerogen types[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,398:124341.
[6] FENG Dong,WU Keliu,WANG Xiangzeng,et al.Effects of temperature and pressure on spontaneous counter-current imbibition in unsaturated porous media[J].Energy & Fuels,2019,33(9):8544-8556.
[7] 佳布 D,唐纳森 E C,沈平平.油层物理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.
GABY D,DONALDSON E C,SHEN Pingping.Petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2007.
[8] 洪世铎.油藏物理基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1985.
HONG Shiduo.Fundamentals of reservoir physics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1985.
[9] 杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.
YANG Shenglai,WEI Junzhi.Fundamentals of petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004.
[10] 孔祥言.高等渗流力学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1999.
KONG Xiangyan.Advanced mechanics of fluids in porous media[M].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,1999.
[11] 葛家理.现代油藏渗流力学原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003.
GE Jiali.The modern mechanics of fluids flow in oil reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2003.
[12] 岳湘安,王尤富,王克亮.提高石油采收率基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007.
YUE Xiang'an,WANG Youfu,WANG Keliang.Foundation of enhanced oil recovery[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2007.
[13] 王香增.特低渗油藏高效开发理论与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.
WANG Xiangzeng.Efficient development theory and technology in ultra-low permeability reservoir[M].Beijing:Science Press,2018.
[14] 黄延章.于大森.微观渗流实验力学及其应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.
HUANG Yanzhang,YU Dasen.Microscopic seepage experiment mechanics and its application[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001.
[15] GOSIEWSKA A,DRELICH J,LASKOWSKI J S,et al.Mineral matter distribution on coal surface and its effect on coal wettability[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2002,247(1):107-116.
[16] MAHONEY S A,RUFFORD T E,DMYTERKO A S K,et al.The effect of rank and lithotype on coal wettability and its application to coal relative permeability models[C]//SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition.Brisbane,Australia:SPE,2015.
[17] CHATURVEDI T,SCHEMBRE J M,KOVSCEK A R.Spontaneous imbibition and wettability characteristics of Powder River Basin coal[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2009,77(1/2):34-42.
[18] ZHANG Tao,JAVADPOUR F,YIN Ying,et al.Upscaling water flow in composite nanoporous shale matrix using lattice Boltzmann method[J].Water Resources Research,2020,56(4):e2019WR026007.
[19] 村田逞诠.煤的润湿性研究及其应用[M].朱春笙,龚祯祥,译.北京:煤炭工业出版社,1992.
MURATA C.Research and application of the wettability of coal[M].ZHU Chunsheng,GONG Zhenxiang,trans.Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1992.
[20] 李相方,蒲云超,孙长宇,等.煤层气与页岩气吸附/解吸的理论再认识[J].石油学报,2014,35(6):1113-1129.
LI Xiangfang,PU Yunchao,SUN Changyu,et al.Recognition of absorption/desorption theory in coalbed methane reservoir and shale gas reservoir[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(6):1113-1129.
[21] 李沛,马东民,张辉,等.高、低阶煤润湿性对甲烷吸附/解吸的影响[J].煤田地质与勘探,2016,44(5):80-85.
LI Pei,MA Dongmin,ZHANG Hui,et al.Influence of high and low rank coal wettability and methane adsorption/desorption characteristics[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2016,44(5):80-85.
[22] 董平,单忠健,李哲.超细煤粉表面润湿性的研究[J].煤炭学报,2004,29(3):346-349.
DONG Ping,SHAN Zhongjian,LI Zhe.Study on the surface wet characteristic of ultrafine coal powder[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2004,29(3):346-349.
[23] 田宜灵,肖衍繁,朱红旭,等.高温高压下水与非极性流体间的界面张力[J].物理化学学报,1997(01):89-95.
TIAN Yiling,XIAO Yanfan,ZHU Hongxu,et al.Interfacial tensions between water and non-polar fluids at high pressure and high temperatures[J].Acta Phys.Chem.,1997,13(01):89-95.
[24] FLORES R M.Coal and coalbed gas:fueling the future[M].San Diego:Elsevier,2014.
[25] LOUCKS R G,REED R M,RUPPEL,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2009,79(12):848-861.
[26] FENG Dong,LI Xiangfang,WANG Xiangzeng,et al.Water adsorption and its impact on the pore structure characteristics of shale clay[J].Applied Clay Science,2018,155:126-138.
[27] PASSEY Q R,BOHACS K,ESCH W L,et al.From oil-prone source rock to gas-producing shale reservoir-geologic and petrophysical characterization of unconventional shale gas reservoirs[R].SPE 131350,2010.
[28] LI Jing,LI Xiangfang,WANG Xiangzeng,et al.Water distribution characteristic and effect on methane adsorption capacity in shale clay[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2016,159:135-154.
[29] HU Yinan,DEVEGOWDA D,STRIOLO A,et al.Microscopic dynamics of water and hydrocarbon in shale-kerogen pores of potentially mixed wettability[J].SPE Journal,2014,20(1):112-124.
[30] SIDDIQUI M A Q,ALI S,FEI Haoxiang,et al.Current understanding of shale wettability:a review on contact angle measurements[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2018,181:1-11.
[31] DAIGLE H,EZIDIEGWU S,TURNER R.Determining relative permeability in shales by including the effects of pore structure on unsaturated diffusion and advection[R].SPE 175019,2015.
[32] ZHANG Tao,LI Xiangfang,SUN Zheng,et al.An analytical model for relative permeability in water-wet nanoporous media[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2017,174:1-12.
[33] SUHRER M,TOELKE J,DÍAZ E,et al.Computed two-phase relative permeability using digital rock physics in a shale formation[C]//International Symposium of the Society of Core,September 16-19,2013,Napa Valley,California,USA.[s.n.],2013.
[34] SHANLEY K W,CLUFF R M,ROBINSON J W.Factors controlling prolific gas production from low-permeability sandstone reservoirs:implications for resource assessment,prospect development,and risk analysis[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(8):1083-1121.
[35] 张磊,康钦军,姚军,等.页岩压裂中压裂液返排率低的孔隙尺度模拟与解释[J].科学通报,2014,59(32):3197-3203.
ZHANG Lei,KANG Qinjun,YAO Jun,et al.The explanation of low recovery of fracturing fluid in shale hydraulic fracturing by pore-scale simulation[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(32):3197-3203.
[36] SONG Wenhui,YAO Jun,MA Jingsheng,et al.Numerical simulation of multiphase flow in nanoporous organic matter with application to coal and gas shale systems[J].Water Resources Research,2018,54(2):1077-1092.
[37] WANG Xiukun,SHENG J J.Multi-scaled pore network modeling of gas-water flow in shale formations[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2019,177:899-908.
[38] SU Siyuan,JIANG Zhenxue,SHAN Xuanlong,et al.The wettability of shale by NMR measurements and its controlling factors[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,169:309-316.
[39] WANG Dongmei,BUTLER R,ZHANG Jin,et al.Wettability survey in Bakken shale with surfactant-formulation imbibition[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering,2012,15(6):695-705.
[40] GHANBARI E,XU Mingxiang,DEHGHANPOUR H,et al.Advances in understanding liquid flow in gas shales[R].SPE171653,2014.
[41] 黄兴,李天太,王香增,等.致密砂岩储层可动流体分布特征及影响因素——以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田延长组长8油层组为例[J].石油学报,2019,40(5):557-567.
HUANG Xing,LI Tiantai,WANG Xiangzeng,et al.Distribution characteristics and its influence factors of movable fluid in tight sandstone reservoir:a case study from Chang-8 oil layer of Yanchang Formation in Jiyuan oilfield,Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2019,40(5):557-567.
[42] 陈林,陆永潮,林卫兵,等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组长8油层组层序地层特征及沉积充填模式[J].石油学报,2019,40(4):434-447.
CHEN Lin,LU Yongchao,LIN Weibing,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary filling model of Chang-8 oil layer of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2019,40(4):434-447.
[43] 王香增,张丽霞,雷裕红,等.低熟湖相页岩内运移固体有机质和有机质孔特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7油层组页岩为例[J].石油学报,2018,39(2):141-151.
WANG Xiangzeng,ZHANG Lixia,LEI Yuhong,et al.Characteristics of migrated solid organic matters and organic pores in low maturity lacustrine shale:a case study of the shale in Chang 7 oil-bearing formation of Yanchang Formation,southeastern Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2018,39(2):141-151.
[44] TAKAHASHI S,KOVSCEK A R.Wettability estimation of low-permeability,siliceous shale using surface forces[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2010,75(1/2):33-43.

The role and its application of capillary force in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and its application

毛细管力在非常规油气藏开发中的作用及应用

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	He Wenyuan, Cui Baowen, Zhang Jinyou, Zhao Ying, Cheng Xinyang, Liu Zhao, Liu Xin, Zeng Huasen. Geological characteristics and exploration breakthroughs of the middle to low mature shale oil of Nenjiang Formation in northern Songliao Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 900-913.
[2]	Liu Shengnan, Zhu Rukai, Jin Jun, Zhang Jingya. Hydrocarbon migration constraints on continental shale oil enrichment: a case study of Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer sag,Junggar Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 932-946.
[3]	Xie Delu, Zhao Xianzheng, Jin Fengming, Pu Xiugang, Han Wenzhong, Shi Zhannan, Zhang Wei, Dong Xiongying. Genesis of deep lacustrine subfacies laminated shale and influence factors on shale oil mobility in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 804-816.
[4]	Xiong Yu, Guo Meijuan, Wang Linghong, Wu Daoming, Chen Meihua, Li Mingqiu, Deng Bo, Zhang Rui, Lu Jungang, Zeng Deming. Characteristics and movability evaluation of shale oil in Jurassic Da’anzhai Member, Sichuan Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 817-843.
[5]	Zhang Qun, Sun Siqing, Jiang Wenping. Key technologies and development direction of CBM exploration and development in coal mine area of fractured soft and low permeablity coal seams [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 855-865.
[6]	Hou Lianhua, Mi Jingkui, Luo Xia, Yu Zhichao, Lin Senhu, Liao Fengrong, Pang Zhenglian, Zhao Zhongying. Pressure effect on the characteristics of oil and gas produced by in-situ heating of shale: a case study of the third submember of Member 7 of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(4): 629-641.
[7]	Yang Yong, Zhang Shiming, Lü Qi, Du Yushan, Li Weizhong, Cheng Ziyan, Lü Jing, Liu Zupeng. Stereoscopic development techniques for shale oil with low-medium maturity in continental faulted basins in eastern China: a case study of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Jiyang depression [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(4): 672-682,697.
[8]	He Yonghong, Li Zhen, Fan Jianming, Zhang Chao, Zhang Xuze, Ma Bing. Optimization technique of development well pattern of shale oil in Ordos Basin and its application: a case study of Qingcheng oilfield [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(4): 683-697.
[9]	Liang Xing, Shan Chang’an, Zhang Lei, Luo Yufeng, Jiang Liwei, Zhang Jiehui, Zhu Douxing, Shu Honglin, Li Jian. Exploration discovery and accumulation conditions of Da’an deep shale gas field in western Chongqing,Sichuan Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(3): 477-499.
[10]	Guo Chen, Li Ruiteng, Qin Yong, Lu Lingling, Yi Tongsheng, Chen Zhenlong, Yuan Hang, Gao Wei, Cheng Xi. Evolution path of water produced from coalbed methane wells and its significance in judging productivity:a case study of Zhijin block in western Guizhou Province [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(3): 517-530.
[11]	Wu Xiaoguang, Long Tengda, Huang Zhongwei, Gao Wenlong, Li Gensheng, Xie Zixiao, Yang Rui, Lu Jingsong, Ma Jinliang. Characteristics of fracture propagation in radial wellbores of shale oil reservoirs with multiple lithologic layers [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(3): 559-573,585.
[12]	Zhi Dongming, Li Jianzhong, Yang Fan, Chen Xuan, Xiao Dongsheng, Wang Bo, Wu Chao, Yu Haiyue. Exploration breakthrough and significance of Jurassic tight sandstone gas in Q iudong subsag of Tuha Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(2): 348-357.
[13]	Zhang Chunyu, Chen Shijia, Zhu Xingcheng, Li Yong, Liu Guanglin, Li Yaoting, Zhang Yangyang, Gu Tianfu. Classification and characteristics of source-reservoir interlayer and its controlling effect on oil-gas enrichment in continental tight reservoir [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(2): 358-373.
[14]	Song Zhaojie, Deng Sen, Song Yilei, Liu Yong, Xian Chenggang, Zhang Jiang, Han Xiao, Cao Sheng, Fu Lanqing, Cui Huanqi. High-pressure phase behavior and mass transfer law of Gulong shale oil and CO₂ in Daqing oilfield [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(2): 390-402.
[15]	Wu Baocheng, Wu Chengmei, Tan Qiang, Chu Yanjie, Liang Chenggang, Li Wenbo, Zhang Jinfeng, Chen Yiwei, Xu Tianlu, Wang Liangzhe. Accumulation conditions and key technologies for exploration and development of Changji shale oil in Jimusar sag of Junggar Basin [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(2): 437-460.