Abstract: Intelligent drill bits are one of the core components of future intelligent drilling systems. By integrating sensors capable of stable performance under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, adaptive control algorithms, and optimized drill bit structures, these advanced drill bits enable real-time downhole condition monitoring, dynamic adjustment, and precise execution, thereby improving drilling efficiency. As oil and gas exploration expands to ultra-deep formations and complex, unconventional reservoirs, drill bits face increasingly harsh geological conditions. Traditional drill bits, under high-temperature and high-pressure environments and complex geological settings, suffer from challenges such as rapid wear, short service life, and high drilling costs that urgently demand the development and application of high-performance drilling technology. This further highlights the importance of intelligent drill bits as a pivotal future direction for improving drilling speed and efficiency. By systematically summarizing and analyzing the current research, core technologies, and product advancements in intelligent drill bits, such as multi-parameter sensing technology capable of withstanding extreme downhole environments, machine learning- and deep learning-based adaptive control algorithms, and progress in drill bit structure and control mechanisms, this work reveals the potential of intelligent drill bits in modern drilling operations. Typical case studies from both domestic and international projects demonstrate the advantages of intelligent drill bits in enhancing rate of penetration, extending bit life, and reducing unplanned downtime. Looking ahead, research on intelligent drill bits will move toward higher autonomy, broader adaptability, and deeper integration with digital platforms. They are poised to play an even greater role within the intelligent drilling technology framework.

Key words: intelligent drill bit, sensor technology, self-adaptive control, drill bit structure optimization, smart drilling

摘要： 智能钻头是未来智能钻井系统的核心装备之一,通过集成可在高温高压环境下稳定工作的传感器、智能自适应控制算法及优化的钻头结构,实现井下工况的实时监测、动态调整和精准执行,从而提升钻井效率。随着油气资源向超深层和非常规复杂难钻地层拓展,钻头将面临更加恶劣的地层条件。传统钻头在高温高压和复杂地质条件下面临钻头磨损快、寿命短、钻井成本高等挑战,亟需高性能钻头技术的发展及应用,这进一步凸显了智能钻头作为未来钻井提速增效的重要发展方向。通过系统总结和分析智能钻头的研究现状、核心技术及产品方面的进展,包括耐极端井下环境的多参数检测传感技术和基于机器学习与深度学习的自适应控制算法、智能钻头的结构及控制机构等研究进展,结合国内外在智能钻头领域的一些典型案例,进一步揭示了智能钻头在提高机械钻速、延长钻头寿命和减少非计划停工方面的优势。展望未来,智能钻头研究将朝着更高自主化、更广适应性以及与数字化平台深度融合的方向发展,有望在智能钻井技术体系中发挥更大的作用。

关键词: 智能钻头, 传感器技术, 自适应控制, 钻头结构优化, 智能钻井