Abstract: As the core equipment in oil and gas drilling, the technical performance of drill bits directly influences drilling efficiency and overall costs. By systematically reviewing the technological development of drill bits in both domestic and international contexts, this study clarifies the evolution from drag bits, roller cone bits, diamond bits, and composite bits to intelligent bits, thereby providing a fundamental basis and direction for drill bit design and development. The analyses indicate that technological innovation in drill bits is the essential driver for the continuous advancement of drilling technologies, while innavotive transformations in drill bit technology are in turn driven by increasingly complex drilling requirements. Advances in drill bit technology are primarily reflected in the following aspects:(1)Design methods have progressed from static to dynamic models, from single-factor to multi-factor considerations, and from experience-based approaches to digitalized methodologies; (2)The dominant drill bit types have shifted from roller cone bits to PDC bits, accompanied by a transition in product development from mass production of roller cone bits to customized design and manufacturing of PDC bits; (3)Tooth materials have evolved from ordinary carbon steel to high-performance cemented carbides and diamond-based superhard composites; (4)The tooth profile has evolved from planar cutter to novel shaped cutters; (5)Hydraulic structure technologies have developed from physical experimentation to refined computational fluid dynamics simulations; (6)Experimental evaluation techniques have evolved from basic bench testing to collaborative testing of drill bits and associated tools, and further to rock-breaking experiments that simulate in-situ conditions; (7)Manufacturing processes have transitioned from traditional mechanical machining to modern automated and intelligent manufacturing technologies. To address the drilling requirements of complex oil and gas reservoirs, such as deep and ultra-deep layers, future research on drill bits will focus on new methods, new structures, new materials, precise and personalized design, integrated scientific application, and intelligent technological innovation. These efforts aim to develop high-performance drill bits suitable for diverse drilling conditions, and support the critical demand for enhancing drilling speed and efficiency in complex oil and gas drilling operations.

Key words: oil and gas drill bit, technological evolution, drill bit design, analysis and evaluation, materials and manufacturing processes, development trends

摘要： 钻头作为油气钻井的核心装备,其技术性能直接影响钻井效率和成本。通过系统梳理国内外油气钻头技术发展历程,厘清从刮刀钻头、牙轮钻头、金刚石钻头、复合钻头到智能钻头的技术演进路径,为钻头设计研发提供基础理论和方向指引。分析表明,钻头技术创新是钻井技术不断进步的根本保障,同时,钻头技术变革又来源于日益复杂的钻井需求。钻头技术进步主要体现在:设计方法从静态到动态,从单因素到多因素,从经验向数字化发展;钻头品种由以牙轮钻头为主到以PDC钻头为主,钻头产品研发也从牙轮钻头的批量化到PDC钻头的个性化设计制造转型;牙齿材料从普通碳钢升级为高性能硬质合金、金刚石超硬复合材料;齿形由平面齿向新型异形齿突破;水力结构技术从物理实验发展到计算流体动力学精细化模拟;实验评价技术从基础台架实验发展至钻头与配套工具的协同实验乃至模拟原位条件的破岩实验;制造工艺从传统机械制造到自动化、智能化等现代制造技术转变等。针对深层/超深层等复杂油气钻井需求,未来钻头研究将聚焦新方法、新结构、新材料、精准个性化设计、一体化科学使用与智能化技术创新,研制出适应各种钻井条件的高性能钻头,支撑复杂油气钻井提速增效的重大需求。

关键词: 油气钻头, 技术演进, 钻头设计, 分析评价, 材料与工艺, 发展趋势