Damage and failure mechanisms in hot dry rock formations under impact drilling at the near-wellbore and bottomhole regions

doi:10.7623/syxb202610012

Acta Petrolei Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 2088-2101.DOI: 10.7623/syxb202610012

• PETROLEUM ENGINEERING • Previous Articles

Damage and failure mechanisms in hot dry rock formations under impact drilling at the near-wellbore and bottomhole regions

Dong Xuecheng¹, Liu Qingyou¹, Huang Tao², Zhu Haiyan²

1. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology,Sichuan Chengdu 610059, China;
2. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan Chengdu 610059, China

Received:2025-09-03 Revised:2026-06-12 Published:2026-11-05

冲击钻井干热岩地层井周—井底损伤破坏机理

董学成¹, 刘清友¹, 黄涛², 朱海燕²

1. 成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室四川成都 610059;
2. 成都理工大学能源学院四川成都 610059

通讯作者: 董学成，男，1982年2月生，2015年获西南石油大学博士学位，现为成都理工大学讲师，主要从事石油钻采设备及工艺的研发工作。Email：dongxc_cdut@cdut.edu.cn
作者简介:董学成，男，1982年2月生，2015年获西南石油大学博士学位，现为成都理工大学讲师，主要从事石油钻采设备及工艺的研发工作。Email：dongxc_cdut@cdut.edu.cn
基金资助:
深地国家科技重大专项（2025ZD1008300）和国家自然科学基金重大仪器研制项目（No.52327803）资助。

Abstract

Abstract: The high temperature, high strength, and high abrasiveness of hot dry rock (HDR) formations pose significant challenges for drilling operations, including accelerated bit wear and low rate of penetration (ROP), thereby severely limiting the geothermal development efficiency. Field applications have demonstrated that high-load impact drilling technology can enhance rock-breaking efficiency in HDR formations; however, the synergistic damage and failure mechanisms of the near-wellbore and bottomhole regions induced by impact loading remain poorly understood. Therefore, impact rock-breaking experiments using full-scale bit and micro-bit were conducted. Through rock mechanics testing, computed tomography (CT) scanning, cast thin-section analysis, and morphology characterization, the damage and failure evolution patterns of near-wellbore and bottomhole rocks under impact drilling were systematically investigated. The results indicate that:(1) Impact loading induces a microfracture propagation zone extending approximately 100 mm around the wellbore, reducing the compressive and tensile strengths of the near-wellbore rock by approximately 30%. As the rock temperature increases, the near-wellbore rock strength gradually decreases. (2) The forward inclination angle of the cone teeth governs the spatial distribution of impact loads. When the inclination angle is 20°, the damage and failure of both near-wellbore and bottomhole rocks are the most severe. (3) When the rock temperature is below 200 ℃ and the impact velocity is lower than 5 m/s, rock failure is dominated by the formation of regular crushing pits at the bottomhole. With increasing rock temperature and impact velocity, cracks initiate from the crushing pits and propagate toward rock boundaries, thereby intensifying near-wellbore rock damage.

Key words: hot dry rock, impact drilling, rock-breaking experiment, wellbore-bottomhole region, rock damage and failure

摘要： 干热岩地层岩石的高温、高强度及高研磨性等特征导致钻井面临钻头磨损快、机械钻速低等技术瓶颈，严重制约地热能开发效率。实践表明，大载荷冲击钻井技术可提高干热岩地层的破岩效率，但其引发的井周—井底协同损伤破坏机制尚不明确。鉴于此，开展了全尺寸钻头和微钻头冲击破岩实验，基于岩石力学实验以及CT扫描、铸体薄片和形貌扫描等技术揭示了冲击钻井对井周及井底岩石损伤破坏规律。研究结果表明：①冲击作用在井周形成约100 mm的微裂隙扩展区，导致井周岩石抗压、抗拉强度降低约30%；岩石温度越高，井周岩石强度降幅将减小。②锥齿前倾角影响冲击载荷的空间分配，前倾角为20°时，井周与井底岩石损伤破坏最严重。③岩石温度低于200 ℃和冲击速度小于5 m/s时，岩石破坏通常以井底规则破碎坑为主，随着岩石温度和冲击速度的升高，裂纹从破碎坑处萌生并向岩石边界扩展，从而加剧井周岩石损伤。

关键词: 干热岩, 冲击钻井, 破岩实验, 井周—井底, 岩石损伤破坏

CLC Number:

TE21

Dong Xuecheng, Liu Qingyou, Huang Tao, Zhu Haiyan. Damage and failure mechanisms in hot dry rock formations under impact drilling at the near-wellbore and bottomhole regions[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2026, 47(10): 2088-2101.

董学成, 刘清友, 黄涛, 朱海燕. 冲击钻井干热岩地层井周—井底损伤破坏机理[J]. 石油学报, 2026, 47(10): 2088-2101.

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Damage and failure mechanisms in hot dry rock formations under impact drilling at the near-wellbore and bottomhole regions

冲击钻井干热岩地层井周—井底损伤破坏机理

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[2]	Zhu Xiaohua, Liu Weiji, Shi Changshuai, Zhou Wei. Experiment on the rock-breaking and speed-up mechanism under heavy-duty impact [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2024, 45(10): 1529-1537.
[3]	Huang Zhongwei, Zhang Shikun, Li Gensheng, Yang Ruiyue, Wu Xiaoguang, Zhang Hongyuan, Kamy Sepehrnoori. Breakage mechanism of high-temperature granite by abrasive liquid nitrogen jet [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2020, 41(5): 604-614.
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