聚合物驱吸液剖面反转机制、应对方法及实践效果

doi:10.7623/syxb202306006

石油学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 962-974.DOI: 10.7623/syxb202306006

聚合物驱吸液剖面反转机制、应对方法及实践效果

卢祥国¹, 何欣¹, 曹豹², 王晓燕³, 高建崇^1,4, 刘义刚⁴, 曹伟佳¹

1. 东北石油大学提高油气采收率教育部重点实验室黑龙江大庆 163318;
2. 中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司海南海口 570311;
3. 中国石油大港油田公司采油工艺研究院天津 300280;
4. 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司天津 300450

收稿日期:2021-11-06 修回日期:2023-02-24 出版日期:2023-06-25 发布日期:2023-07-03
通讯作者: 何欣,女,1995年8月生,2021年获东北石油大学油气田开发工程专业硕士学位,现为东北石油大学博士研究生,主要从事提高采收率理论与技术方面的研究工作。Email:hexin_831@163.com
作者简介:卢祥国,男,1960年6月生,2002年获日本国早稻田大学环境与资源工学博士学位,现为东北石油大学教授,主要从事提高采收率理论与技术方面的教学和科研工作。Email:luxiangg2003@yahoo.com.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目"抗盐型聚合物油藏适应性及其改进方法基础研究"（No.51574086）和国家科技重大专项"渤海双高油田多级窜逸堵调驱一体化技术研究及示范"（2016ZX05058-003-010）资助。

Injection profile reversal mechanisms of polymer flooding and its countermeasures and practical effects

Lu Xiangguo¹, He Xin¹, Cao Bao², Wang Xiaoyan³, Gao Jianchong^1,4, Liu Yigang⁴, Cao Weijia¹

1. MOE Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Northeast Petroleum University, Heilongjiang Daqing 163318, China;
2. Hainan Branch, CNOOC China Ltd., Hainan Haikou 570311, China;
3. Oil Production Technology Research Institute, PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Tianjin 300280, China;
4. Tianjin Branch, CNOOC China Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China

Received:2021-11-06 Revised:2023-02-24 Online:2023-06-25 Published:2023-07-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 大庆、大港和渤海油田的矿场测试资料表明，化学驱中、后期注入井都出现了吸液剖面反转现象，因此降低了增油降水效果。为进一步探究聚合物驱吸液剖面反转机理、提高化学驱开发效果，采用"分注分采"岩心物理模拟方法，开展了聚合物驱过程中吸液剖面反转作用机制和应对方法实验研究。研究结果表明，水驱油藏提高采收率的关键在于增加储层内中、低渗透部位吸液压差，为此可以提高注液速度或利用化学材料滞留增大高渗透部位渗流阻力或采取侧钻和微压裂等措施减小低渗透部位渗流阻力。聚合物驱过程中，聚合物在储层内低渗透部位滞留所引起渗流阻力和吸液启动压力增幅要远大于高渗透部位的水平，加之注入压力受限于储层岩石破裂压力，二者共同作用引起注入井吸液剖面反转现象。采取高滞留与低滞留能力聚合物溶液（或二元和三元复合体系）交替或梯次注入方式可以降低厚油层内低渗透部位渗流阻力和吸液启动压力升高速度，进而减小吸液剖面反转速度。矿场试验表明，不同滞留能力驱油剂交替或梯次注入减小了吸液剖面反转速度，提高了化学驱增油降水效果。

关键词: 非均质油藏, 聚合物驱, 吸液剖面反转, 作用机制, 应对措施, 实践效果

Abstract: The test data of Daqing, Dagang and Bohai oilfields show that the injection profile reversal occurs in injection wells in the middle and later stages of chemical flooding, thus reducing the effect of increasing oil and decreasing water. To explore the injection profile reversal mechanisms of polymer flooding and enhance the development effect of chemical flooding, a physical core simulation method characterized with "separate injection and separate production" was proposed to investigate the injection profile reversal mechanisms of polymer flooding and the countermeasures. The results show that the key to enhancing oil recovery in water-flooding reservoirs is to increase the injection pressure difference in the medium- and low-permeability areas of reservoirs, in which case the injection rate can be improved, the flow resistance of high-permeability areas can be enhanced by increasing the retention of chemical materials, and the flow resistance of low-permeability areas can be decreased by sidetracking drilling or micro-fracturing. In the process of polymer flooding, the increase of flow resistance and injection starting pressure caused by polymer retention in the low-permeability areas of reservoirs will be much higher than that in the high-permeability areas, and the injection pressure is subject to the rock fracturing pressure of reservoirs, which will jointly result in the injection profile reversal in injection well. However, the alternating injection of polymer solutions (binary or ternary composite system)with high and low retention capabilities can reduce the increasing rate of flow resistance and injection starting pressure in the low-permeability areas of thick oil layers and then will lower the rate of injection profile reversal. Field tests indicate that the alternating injection of oil displacement agents with different retention capabilities can lower the rate of injection profile reversal and enhance the chemical flooding effect in terms of increasing oil and decreasing water.

Key words: heterogeneous reservoir, polymer flooding, injection profile reversal, mechanism of action, countermeasures, practical effects

中图分类号:

TE357.4

卢祥国, 何欣, 曹豹, 王晓燕, 高建崇, 刘义刚, 曹伟佳. 聚合物驱吸液剖面反转机制、应对方法及实践效果[J]. 石油学报, 2023, 44(6): 962-974.

Lu Xiangguo, He Xin, Cao Bao, Wang Xiaoyan, Gao Jianchong, Liu Yigang, Cao Weijia. Injection profile reversal mechanisms of polymer flooding and its countermeasures and practical effects[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2023, 44(6): 962-974.

参考文献

[1] 王德民, 程杰成, 吴军政, 等. 聚合物驱油技术在大庆油田的应用[J].石油学报, 2005, 26(1):74-78.
WANG Demin, CHENG Jiecheng, WU Junzheng, et al.Application of polymer flooding technology in Daqing oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2005, 26(1):74-78.
[2] 廖广志, 牛金刚, 邵振波, 等.大庆油田工业化聚合物驱效果及主要做法[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2004, 23(1):48-51.
LIAO Guangzhi, NIU Jingang, SHAO Zhenbo, et al.Application and experience of industrialized polymer flooding in Daqing oilfield[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2004, 23(1):48-51.
[3] 王启民, 廖广志, 牛金刚.聚合物驱油技术的实践与认识[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 1999, 18(4):3-5.
WANG Qimin, LIAO Guangzhi, NIU Jingang.Practices and understanding of polymer flooding enhanced recovery technique in Daqing oilfield[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 1999, 18(4):3-5.
[4] 林玉君, 刘斌, 谭颖, 等.辽河油田锦16块东区聚合物驱油试验研究[J].油气采收率技术, 1996, 3(3):42-46.
LIN Yujun, LIU Bin, TAN Ying, et al.Research on the polymer flooding test in the eastern area of block Jin 16, Liaohe oil field[J].Oil & Gas Recovery Techinology, 1996, 3(3):42-46.
[5] 周守为, 韩明, 向问陶, 等.渤海油田聚合物驱提高采收率技术研究及应用[J].中国海上油气, 2006, 18(6):386-389.
ZHOU Shouwei, HAN Ming, XIANG Wentao, et al.Application of EOR technology by means of polymer flooding in Bohai oilfields[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2006, 18(6):386-389.
[6] 孙焕泉.胜利油田三次采油技术的实践与认识[J].石油勘探与开发, 2006, 33(3):262-266.
SUN Huanquan.Practice and understanding on tertiary recovery in Shengli oilfield[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2006, 33(3):262-266.
[7] 孙龙德, 江同文, 王凤兰, 等.关于油田寿命的思考[J].石油学报, 2021, 42(1):56-63.
SUN Longde, JIANG Tongwen, WANG Fenglan, et al.Thoughts on the development life of oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2021, 42(1):56-63.
[8] 束宁凯, 汪卫东, 曹嫣镔, 等.化学驱聚合物溶液配注工艺技术及矿场应用效果[J].石油学报, 2022, 43(5):668-679.
SHU Ningkai, WANG Weidong, CAO Yanbin, et al.Preparation and injection technology of chemical flooding polymer solution and its application effect in fields[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2022, 43(5):668-679.
[9] 叶仲斌, 贾天泽, 施雷庭, 等.疏水缔合聚合物的流度控制能力研究[J].西南石油大学学报, 2007, 29(5):100-104.
YE Zhongbin, JIA Tianze, SHI Leiting, et al.The mobility control capacity of hydrophobic associating polymer in high permeability porousmedia[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University, 2007, 29(5):100-104.
[10] 赵凤兰, 马云飞, 王潇, 等.疏水缔合聚合物三元复合体系流度控制能力随运移的变化规律[J].油田化学, 2017, 34(3):519-523.
ZHAO Fenglan, MA Yunfei, WANG Xiao, et al.Variation law on the mobility control ability of hydrophobic associated polymer based ASP system during migration[J].Oilfield Chemistry, 2017, 34(3):519-523.
[11] 朱焱, 高文彬, 李瑞升, 等.变流度聚合物驱提高采收率作用规律及应用效果[J].石油学报, 2018, 39(2):189-200.
ZHU Yan, GAO Wenbin, LI Ruisheng, et al.Action laws and application effect of enhanced oil recovery by adjustable-mobility polymer flooding[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2018, 39(2):189-200.
[12] 廖广志, 王克亮, 闫文华.流度比对化学驱驱油效果影响实验研究[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2001, 20(2):14-16.
LIAO Guangzhi, WANG Keliang, YAN Wenhua.Experimental study on the effect of mobility ratio on the displacement efficiency of chemical flooding[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2001, 20(2):14-16.
[13] 刘平德, 张松, 杨宁, 等.新型表面活性聚合物驱油剂[J].石油勘探与开发, 2012, 39(5):580-584.
LIU Pingde, ZHANG Song, YANG Ning, et al.A novel surface active polymer oil displacement agent[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2012, 39(5):580-584.
[14] 曹瑞波, 韩培慧, 高淑玲.不同驱油剂应用于聚合物驱油后油层的适应性分析[J].特种油气藏, 2012, 19(4):100-103.
CAO Ruibo, HAN Peihui, GAO Shuling.Reservoir adaptability analysis of different oil displacement agents in polymer flooding[J].Special Oil and Gas Reservoirs, 2012, 19(4):100-103.
[15] 杨菲, 郭拥军, 张新民, 等.聚驱后缔合聚合物三元复合驱提高采收率技术[J].石油学报, 2014, 35(5):908-913.
YANG Fei, GUO Yongjun, ZHANG Xinmin, et al.Enhanced oil recovery technology of alkaline/surfactant/hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide flooding after polymer flooding[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2014, 35(5):908-913.
[16] 曹绪龙, 刘煜, 曹伟东.非均相复合驱中黏弹性颗粒驱油剂与储层孔喉匹配关系[J].石油学报, 2022, 43(2):262-269.
CAO Xulong, LIU Yu, CAO Weidong.Matching relation between preformed particle gel and reservoir pore throat during heterogeneous phase combination flooding[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2022, 43(2):262-269.
[17] 兰玉波, 刘春林, 赵永胜.大庆油田泡沫复合驱矿场试验评价研究[J].天然气工业, 2006, 26(6):102-104.
LAN Yubo, LIU Chunlin, ZHAO Yongsheng.Evaluation and study of field test for foam-polymer flooding in Daqing oilfield[J].Natural Gas Industry, 2006, 26(6):102-104.
[18] 韩培慧, 闫坤, 曹瑞波, 等.聚驱后油层提高采收率驱油方法[J].岩性油气藏, 2019, 31(2):143-150.
HAN Peihui, YAN Kun, CAO Ruibo, et al.Oil displacement methods for enhanced oil recovery after polymer flooding[J].Lithologic Reservoirs, 2019, 31(2):143-150.
[19] 刘宏生.聚驱后超低界面张力泡沫复合驱实验研究[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 27(3):72-75.
LIU Hongsheng.Experimental study on foam compound flooding of ultra-low interfacial tension after polymer flooding[J].Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition, 2012, 27(3):72-75.
[20] 卢祥国, 曹豹, 谢坤, 等.非均质油藏聚合物驱提高采收率机理再认识[J].石油勘探与开发, 2021, 48(1):148-155.
LU Xiangguo, CAO Bao, XIE Kun, et al.EOR mechanisms of polymer flooding in a heterogeneous oil reservoir[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2021, 48(1):148-155.
[21] CAO Weijia, XIE Kun, CAO Bao, et al.Inorganic gel enhanced oil recovery in high temperature reservoir[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, 196:107691.
[22] XIE Kun, CAO Bao, LU Xiangguo, et al.Matching between the diameter of the aggregates of hydrophobically associating polymers and reservoir pore-throat size during polymer flooding in an offshore oilfield[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, 177:558-569.
[23] 卢祥国, 胡广斌, 曹伟佳, 等.聚合物滞留特性对化学驱提高采收率的影响[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2016, 35(3):99-105.
LU Xiangguo, HU Guangbin, CAO Weijia, et al.Influences of the polymer retention characteristics on the enhanced oil recovery of the chemical flooding[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2016, 35(3):99-105.
[24] 徐婷, 李秀生, 张学洪, 等.聚合物驱后提高原油采收率平行管试验研究[J].石油勘探与开发, 2004, 31(6):98-100.
XU Ting, LI Xiusheng, ZHANG Xuehong, et al.Parallel-column experiments for enhancing oil recovery after polymer flooding[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2004, 31(6):98-100.
[25] 李宜强, 隋新光, 李洁, 等.纵向非均质大型平面模型聚合物驱油波及系数室内实验研究[J].石油学报, 2005, 26(2):77-79.
LI Yiqiang, SUI Xinguang, LI Jie, et al.Experimental study on sweep efficiency of polymer flooding with longitudinal heterogeneous plane model[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2005, 26(2):77-79.
[26] 唐洪明, 文鑫, 张旭阳, 等.层间非均质砾岩油藏水驱油模拟实验[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版, 2014, 36(5):129-135.
TANG Hongming, WEN Xin, ZHANG Xuyang, et al.Water-oil displacing modeling experiment of interlayer heterogeneous conglomerate reservoir[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science & Technology Edition, 2014, 36(5):129-135.
[27] 李伟才, 姚光庆, 周锋德, 等.低渗透油藏不同流动单元并联水驱油[J].石油学报, 2011, 32(4):658-663.
LI Weicai, YAO Guangqing, ZHOU Fengde, et al.Water displacing oil efficiency with cores grouped in parallel of different flow units in low-permeability reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2011, 32(4):658-663.
[28] 雷光伦, 陈月明, 李爱芬, 等.聚合物驱深度调剖技术研究[J].油气地质与采收率, 2001, 8(3):54-57.
LEI Guanglun, CHEN Yueming, LI Aifen, et al.Research of depth profile control technology in polymer flooding[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2001, 8(3):54-57.
[29] 程杰成, 周泉, 周万富, 等.低初黏可控聚合物凝胶在油藏深部优势渗流通道的封堵方法及应用[J].石油学报, 2020, 41(8):969-978.
CHENG Jiecheng, ZHOU Quan, ZHOU Wanfu, et al.Plugging method of polymer gel with controllable low initial viscosity for dominant flow paths in deep reservoirs and its application[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2020, 41(8):969-978.
[30] 卢祥国, 刘义刚, 曹伟佳, 等.实现分注分采的层内非均质岩心的制作方法及其实验方法:中国, 107389396B[P].2020-09-01.
LU Xiangguo, LIU Yigang, CAO Weijia, et al.Manufacturing method and experimental method of intralayer heterogeneous core capable of realizing separate injection and separate mining:CN, 107389396B[P].2020-09-01.
[31] 何金钢, 王洪卫.三类油层压裂驱油技术设计及效果研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 40(5):95-104.
HE Jingang, WANG Hongwei.Design and effect of fracture-flooding in Class Ⅲ oil reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2018, 40(5):95-104.
[32] 肖宇, 孙尧尧, 贺敬聪.注水井微压裂技术在渤海某油田的应用效果评价[J].海洋石油, 2018, 38(3):36-38.
XIAO Yu, SUN Yaoyao, HE Jingcong.Application and evaluation of micro-fracturing technique in the injection well of Bohai oilfield[J].Offshore Oil, 2018, 38(3):36-38.
[33] 郭建春, 马莅, 卢聪.中国致密油藏压裂驱油技术进展及发展方向[J].石油学报, 2022, 43(12):1788-1797.
GUO Jianchun, MA Li, LU Cong.Progress and development directions of fracturing flooding technology for tight reservoirs in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2022, 43(12):1788-1797.
[34] 李阳, 康志江, 薛兆杰, 等.中国碳酸盐岩油气藏开发理论与实践[J].石油勘探与开发, 2018, 45(4):669-678.
LI Yang, KANG Zhijiang, XUE Zhaojie, et al.Theories and practices of carbonate reservoirs development in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2018, 45(4):669-678.
[35] 王旭.辽河油区稠油开采技术及下步技术攻关方向探讨[J].石油勘探与开发, 2006, 33(4):484-484.
WANG Xu.Heavy oil recovery techniques in Liaohe oilfield and key technical research in next step[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2006, 33(4):484-490.
[36] 吴凡, 侯吉瑞, 汪志明, 等.三元复合驱靶向输送提高采收率技术[J].石油勘探与开发, 2018, 45(2):305-311.
WU Fan, HOU Jirui, WANG Zhiming, et al.An enhanced oil recovery technique by targeted delivery ASP flooding[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2018, 45(2):305-311.
[37] 聂春林.油层非均质性对三元复合驱开发效果的影响及其应对措施——以大庆油田二类油层为例[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2022, 41(2):110-114.
NIE Chunlin.Influences of reservoir heterogeneity on ASP-flooding developed effects and the countermeasures:a case study of Class II reservoir in Daqing oilfield[J].Petroleum Geology & oilfield Development in Daqing, 2022, 41(2):110-114.
[38] 刘洪岩, 王渝明, 徐延平, 等.杏十三区聚合物驱受效特点分析[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2001, 20(2):122-124.
LIU Hongyan, WANG Yuming, XU Yanping, et al.Analysis of affected characteristics during polymer flooding in Xing13 area[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2001, 20(2):122-124.
[39] 韩培慧.交替注入聚合物驱渗流场变化规律及驱油效果[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2014, 33(4):101-106.
HAN Peihui.Seepage field change rules and oil displaced effects of the alternating injection polymer flooding[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2014, 33(4):101-106.
[40] 杨菲.聚合物驱多段塞交替注入效果[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2014, 33(4):107-110.
YANG Fei.Effects of multi-slug alternative injection of the polymer fiooding[J].Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2014, 33(4):107-110
[41] LIU Yigang, LI Yanyue, ZHANG Yunbao, et al.Water-alternating-weak gel technology and its application in high water cut oil reservoir in Bohai oilfield[R].SPE 194803, 2019.
[42] 张宝岩, 卢祥国, 谢坤, 等.Cr³⁺聚合物凝胶与水交替注入调驱效果和机理分析——以渤海油田储层条件为例[J].石油化工高等学校学报, 2016, 29(1):35-40.
ZHANG Baoyan, LU Xiangguo, XIE Kun, et al.Profile control and flooding effect of alternate injection of Cr³⁺ polymer gel and water and its mechanism analysis:taking the Bohai oilfield as an example[J].Journal of Petrochemical Universities, 2016, 29(1):35-40.

聚合物驱吸液剖面反转机制、应对方法及实践效果

Injection profile reversal mechanisms of polymer flooding and its countermeasures and practical effects

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	王正茂, 韩旭, 潘峰, 樊宇, 阎逸群, 周小松, 李诚. 驱油用乳液聚合物性能评价与现场试验[J]. 石油学报, 2024, 45(6): 976-987.
[2]	季岩峰, 杨勇, 曹绪龙, 张世明, 曹小朋, 元福卿. 微胶囊乳液型聚合物驱油剂研制与评价[J]. 石油学报, 2023, 44(6): 975-982.
[3]	朱焱, 高文彬, 李瑞升, 李宜强, 袁靖舒, 孔德彬, 刘吉雨, 岳增存. 变流度聚合物驱提高采收率作用规律及应用效果[J]. 石油学报, 2018, 39(2): 189-200,246.
[4]	谭锋奇, 许长福, 王晓光, 陈玉琨, 程宏杰, 张记刚, 彭寿昌. 砾岩油藏水驱与聚合物驱微观渗流机理差异[J]. 石油学报, 2016, 37(11): 1414-1427.
[5]	赵欣, 邱正松, 黄维安, 周国伟, 张永君. 天然气水合物热力学抑制剂作用机制及优化设计[J]. 石油学报, 2015, 36(6): 760-766.
[6]	杨菲, 郭拥军, 张新民, 罗平亚. 聚驱后缔合聚合物三元复合驱提高采收率技术[J]. 石油学报, 2014, 35(5): 908-913.
[7]	李秀峦, 刘昊, 罗健, 江航, 王红庄. 非均质油藏双水平井SAGD三维物理模拟[J]. 石油学报, 2014, 35(3): 536-542.
[8]	乐建君, 刘芳, 张继元, 柏璐璐, 王蕊, 刘晓波, 侯兆伟, 伍晓林. 聚合物驱后油藏激活内源微生物驱油现场试验[J]. 石油学报, 2014, 35(1): 99-106.
[9]	李光辉, 张贵才, 葛际江, 周帅, 刘月亮. 阳离子微球与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝作用[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(6): 1157-1162.
[10]	白振强, 吴胜和, 付志国. 大庆油田聚合物驱后微观剩余油分布规律[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(5): 924-931.
[11]	张贤松, 孙福街, 侯健, 康晓东, 谢晓庆, 蒋珊珊. 海上稠油聚合物驱开发指标定量表征[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(4): 727-732.
[12]	王渝明, 王加滢, 康红庆, 孙强, 柴方源, 赵起越. 聚合物驱阶段提高采收率预测模型的建立与应用[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(3): 513-517.
[13]	李宜强　苏伟明　王争进　刘少鹏　吕秀芹　郭　虎. 二类油层不同注采类型井组聚驱最佳调整时机[J]. 石油学报, 2012, 33(4): 647-652.
[14]	陈广宇　田燕春　赵　新　李　星. 大庆油田二类油层复合驱注入方式优化[J]. 石油学报, 2012, 33(3): 459-464.
[15]	王敬刘慧卿汪超锋庞海洋. 聚合物驱数学模型的若干问题[J]. 石油学报, 2011, 32(5): 857-861.