Abstract: Carbonate rock is a key exploration field in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, and its pore pressure prediction and detection is a key restricting factor of well control safety. However, due to the complex diagenesis, limestone and dolomite have quite different characteristics, as a result of which the prediction and detection of pore pressure in carbonate rocks has become a world-class problem. To make clear the difficulties, find ideas and point out the direction of scientifically solving this difficult problem, this paper systematically summarizes the characteristics of carbonate rocks, the formation mechanism of pore pressure and the corresponding four types of prediction and detection methods, which are proposed as follows:(1) the composition and structure of carbonate rock are the main controlling factors affecting the physical properties, fluid composition and content, thus affecting its chemical, mechanical and acoustic properties; (2) in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, the porosity of carbonate rock no longer decreases as the depth increases, indicating that no compaction occurs, and relevant theories and methods are not suitable for the research of carbonate formation; (3) due to the fact that the formation mechanism and evolution process of pore pressure in carbonate rock are complex, and multi-source pressurization mechanism and depressurization mechanism coexist, the calculation model of pore pressure shall avoid the deviation caused by multiple solutions of response characteristics; (4) laboratory core experiment is carried out away from the in-situ environment of burial depth and temperature and pressure field, and the calculation model of pore pressure established on this basis does not take into account all factors, so that it is less applicable.Therefore, the establishment of the abnormal high pressure prediction and detection model shall comprehensively take into account the factors such as formation burial depth, genetic response, temperature and pressure field, rock composition and pore structure.

Key words: carbonate rock, rock properties, pore pressure, formation mechanism, temperature and pressure field environment, prediction and detection method

摘要： 碳酸盐岩是深层、超深层的重点勘探领域，其孔隙压力预监测是制约井控安全的关键因素，但由于成岩作用复杂，灰岩与白云岩的特性差异较大，导致碳酸盐岩孔隙压力预监测成为世界级难题。为了指明解决该难题的科学方向，通过系统分析碳酸盐岩的特性、孔隙压力成因机制及相应的4类预监测方法，进一步提出：①碳酸盐岩的成分和结构是物性、流体成分及其含量的主控因素，进而影响到其化学、声学、力学等特性；②深层、超深层碳酸盐岩的孔隙度不再随深度增加而减小，这表明不存在压实作用，相关的理论与方法不适用于相应碳酸盐岩地层；③碳酸盐岩的孔隙压力成因机制与演化历程复杂，多源增压机制与降压机制并存，孔隙压力计算模型应避免响应特征多解性导致的偏差；④室内岩心实验脱离了原位埋深与温度及压力场环境，在此基础上建立的孔隙压力计算模型考虑因素不全面、适用性不强。因此，异常高压预监测模型的建立需要综合考虑地层埋深、成因响应、温度-压力场环境、岩石成分及孔隙结构等因素。

关键词: 碳酸盐岩, 岩石特性, 孔隙压力, 成因机制, 温压场环境, 预监测方法