Abstract: With the accelerated pace of the green and low-carbon transformation, the new energy industry is rapidly advancing. However, the intermittent, random, and volatile nature of new energies presents significant challenges to grid stability, limiting their rapid expansion. Energy storage technology is a critical solution to address issues such as the curtailment of solar and wind power, as it enhances renewable energy integration, ensures a stable supply, and achieves the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In particular, deep underground space energy storage plays a vital role in the development of the emerging energy storage industry. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and development potential of the energy storage industry both domestically and internationally, along with the progress in deep underground space energy storage technologies. On this basis, it systematically explores the development status of energy storage technologies in various deep underground spaces, such as salt caverns, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep aquifers, and abandoned mines, including underground gas storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and hydrogen storage. Further, it analyzes the technical challenges faced by energy storage, considering the factors such as deep and complex geological conditions, long-term alternating loads during energy storage and release, and the multi-field coupling of thermal, fluid, solid, and chemical processes in reservoirs. The study highlights key development trends in energy storage technologies, with a focus on the refined characterization of deep underground spaces, site selection and evaluation for subsurface energy storage, construction and optimization of high-efficiency energy storage systems, as well as dynamic monitoring, efficient operation and maintenance of these systems. Additionally, future research directions are proposed for energy storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs by integrating technologies such as gas storage, hydrogen storage, CO₂ sequestration, and cushion gas replacement. The study advocates for intensified research and pilot testing of deep underground space energy storage technologies, aiming to accelerate the development of large-scale deep underground energy storage systems and contribute to the high-quality realization of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals.

Key words: deep underground space, energy storage, new energy, key technologies, development trends

摘要： 随着绿色低碳转型步伐加快,新能源产业发展进入快车道,但其间歇性、随机性和波动性等对电网稳定性带来的巨大冲击制约着其快速发展。储能技术是解决"弃光、弃风"问题,提升可再生能源消纳水平,确保稳定供给,实现"双碳"目标的关键技术,特别是深部地下空间储能对于新型储能产业的发展有着至关重要的作用。通过总结国内外储能行业现状及发展潜力、深部地下空间储能技术发展现状,分别针对深部盐穴、枯竭油气藏、深部含水层、矿洞等地下空间类型,系统阐述了地下储气库、压缩空气储能、储氢等深部地下空间储能技术发展现状。分析了深部复杂地质 条件、储能/释能长期交变载荷、储层"热—流—固—化"多场耦合等因素作用下的储能技术难题,重点探讨了深部地下空间的精细化探测、深部地下空间储能选址评价、高效储能系统构建及优化、储能系统动态监测与高效运维等储能技术发展趋势,并结合储气库、储氢、CO₂封存、垫底气置换等方面提出了枯竭油气藏储能下一步的研究方向,建议加大深部地下空间储能技术攻关及先导试验研究,推动深部地下空间大规模储能技术发展,助力高质量实现"双碳"目标。

关键词: 深部地下空间, 储能, 新能源, 关键技术, 发展趋势